Anniversary Stones
| Years of Marriage |
Anniversary Stone |
| 1 |
Gold Jewelry |
| 2 |
Garnet |
| 3 |
Pearl |
| 4 |
Blue Topaz |
| 5 |
Sapphire |
| 6 |
Amethyst |
| 7 |
Onyx |
| 8 |
Tourmaline |
| 9 |
Lapis Lazuli |
| 10 |
Diamond Jewelry |
| 11 |
Turquoise |
| 12 |
Jade |
| 13 |
Citrine |
| 14 |
Opal |
| 15 |
Ruby |
| 16 |
Peridot |
| 17 |
Watches |
| 18 |
Cat's-Eye Chrysoberyl |
| 19 |
Aquamarine |
| 20 |
Emerald |
| 21 |
Iolite |
| 22 |
Spinel |
| 23 |
Imperial Topaz |
| 24 |
Tanzanite |
| 25 |
Silver Jubilee |
| 30 |
Pearl Jubilee |
| 35 |
Emerald |
| 40 |
Ruby |
| 45 |
Sapphire |
| 50 |
Golden Jubilee |
| 55 |
Alexandrite |
| 60 |
Diamond Jubilee |
| 70 |
Sapphire Jubilee |
How to Figure the Number of Beads on a Strand or Project
| BEAD SIZE |
16 INCHES |
18 INCHES |
24 INCHES |
| 2mm |
200 |
225 |
300 |
| 3mm |
132 |
144 |
200 |
| 4mm |
100 |
112 |
153 |
| 5mm |
82 |
90 |
124 |
| 6mm |
68 |
76 |
100 |
| 8mm |
50 |
56 |
76 |
| 10mm |
40 |
45 |
61 |
It's pretty easy to calculate the number of beads needed for a length of finished strand, as follows:
- One inch = 25.4mm
- Multiply 25.4 by the number of inches of beads (excluding clasp) in the finished strand. For example, the strand will be 16". 16" x 25.4mm = 406.4 mm
- Divide the total number of millimeters in the final length (in this case, 406.4mm), by the diameter of the beads to be used (let's use 4mm), and the result will be number of beads. For example; 406.4mm(16") divided by 4mm= 101.6 beads.
Below is a quick guide to the number of beads of a given size needed for common strand lengths. The numbers have been rounded up for the 16" through 32" lengths, so that instead of 101.64 mm beads for the finished 16" strand, the figure is shown as 102 beads.
| Beads Per Inch |
| Bead Size |
1" |
4" |
16" |
20" |
24" |
28" |
| 3mm |
8.46 |
33.80 |
135 |
169 |
203 |
237 |
| 4mm |
6.35 |
25.40 |
102 |
127 |
152 |
178 |
| 5mm |
5.08 |
20.32 |
81 |
102 |
122 |
142 |
| 6mm |
4.23 |
16.90 |
68 |
85 |
102 |
119 |
| 7mm |
3.62 |
14.40 |
58 |
73 |
87 |
102 |
| 8mm |
3.17 |
12.68 |
51 |
64 |
76 |
89 |
| 10mm |
2.54 |
10.16 |
41 |
51 |
61 |
71 |
| 12mm |
2.11 |
8.44 |
34 |
42 |
51 |
59 |
| 14mm |
1.81 |
7.24 |
29 |
36 |
44 |
51 |
| 16mm |
1.58 |
6.32 |
25 |
32 |
38 |
44 |
| 18mm |
1.41 |
5.64 |
23 |
28 |
34 |
40 |
Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material.
It was created in 1812 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs and is the most popular of several definitions of hardness in materials science.
Mohs based the scale on ten minerals that are all readily available. As the hardest known naturally occurring substance when the scale was designed, diamonds are at top of the scale. (However, new minerals found from asteroids or formed during volcanic eruptions have proven to be harder) The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given material can scratch, and/or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For example, if some material is scratched by apatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Mohs scale would fall between 4 and 5.
The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is almost four times as hard as corundum.
| Hardness |
Mineral |
| 1 |
Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) |
 |
| 2 |
Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) |
 |
| 3 |
Calcite (CaCO3) |
 |
| 4 |
Fluorite (CaF2) |
 |
| 5 |
Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH-,Cl-,F-) |
 |
| 6 |
Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) |
 |
| 7 |
Quartz (SiO2) |
 |
| 8 |
Topaz (Al2SiO4(OH-,F-)2) |
 |
| 9 |
Corundum (Al2O3) |
 |
| 10 |
Diamond (C) |
 |
On the Mohs scale, a pencil "lead" (graphite) has a hardness of 1; a fingernail, 2.5; a copper penny, about 3.5; a knife blade, 5.5; window glass, 5.5; and a steel file, 6.5. Using these ordinary materials of known hardness can be a simple way to approximate the position of a mineral on the scale.
Seed Bead Sizes
With seed bead sizing, the rule is the larger the size number, the smaller the bead. Czech seed beads are often sold in "hanks", which are made of 12 strands, folded in half into a bundle, so that there are 24 thread ends tied off. Japanese seed beads, such as Delica beads, are usually not sold temporarily strung but are instead sold by weight measured in grams.
| Seed Bead Sizing Guide |
| TYPE |
BEADS PER HANK |
BEADS PER IN. |
BEADS SIZE
(Diameter) |
BEAD WT. |
RECOMMENDED NEEDLE & THREAD |
| 8/0 |
approx. 3,220 |
13.5 |
3.1mm (approx.) |
2.7 oz. (approx) |
Any size beading needle will work. Thread sizes D & F. |
| 10/0 |
approx. 3,920 |
16.3 |
2.3mm (approx.) |
1.6 oz. (approx) |
Needle sizes 10 and smaller. Thread sizes B, D, & F. |
| 11/0 |
approx. 4,000 |
17 |
2.1mm (approx.) |
1.3 oz. (approx) |
Needle sizes 11 and smaller. Thread sizes O,B, & D. |
| 12/0 |
approx. 4,720 |
19.5 |
1.9mm (approx.) |
1.2 oz. (approx) |
Needle sizes 12 and smaller. Thread sizes A, OO, O, & B. |
| 13/0 |
approx. 4,960 |
21 |
1.7mm (approx.) |
0.9 oz. (approx) |
Needle sizes 13 and smaller. Thread sizes A, OO, & O. |
| 15/0 |
n/a |
25 |
1.3mm (approx.) |
n/a |
Needle sizes 13 and smaller. Thread sizes A, OO, & O. |
Standard Necklace & Bracelet Lengths
| WOMEN |
| Choker |
- |
16 inches |
| Princess/Pendant Length |
- |
18 inches |
| Matinee |
- |
20 - 24 inches |
| Opera |
- |
28 - 32 inches |
| Rope |
- |
40 - 45 inches |
| Long enough to be worn doubled |
- |
45 inches or more |
| Lariat |
- |
48 inches or longer, not joined at ends. Worn knotted or wrapped |
| Bracelet |
- |
7 - 8 inches |
| Aklet |
- |
9 inches |
| MEN |
| Choker |
- |
18 inches |
| Pendant Length |
- |
20 inches |
Styles and Lengths of Necklaces
Styles:
- Bib - multiple strands of beads, each one longer than the strand above it.
- Graduated - beginning with the largest bead in the center front, the beads decrease equally in size on each side of the center bead towards the clasp at the center back.
- Uniform - all beads are within .5 mm of one another, a naturally occurring variation.
Lengths*:
- Choker - 15-16 inches. Worn above the collarbone.
- Princess - 16 to 18 inches in length. Hangs just below the collarbone.
- Matinee - 22 to 24 inches in length. Hangs just at or just below the bust.
- Opera - 30 to 32 inches in length.
- Rope or Lariat - 45 inches or longer. Can be worn as-is or wrapped to create a two-stranded choker.
*These lengths are for a woman of average build. If your overall build is larger or smaller you'll want to adjust accordingly.
Swarovksi Crystal Color Guide 1
Stone colors available from Swarovski as of February 2010.
Swarovski Crystal Color Guide 2
Stone effects and Birthstone colors available from Swarovski as of February 2010.
Swarovski Crystal Color Guide 3
Pearl colors and Pearl & Stone colors available from Swarovski as of February 2010.
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Swarovski Crystal Color Guide 4
Flatback Rhinestone colors available from Swarovski as of February 2010.
Swarovski Crystal Color Guide 5
Flatback Rhinestone Effects available from Swarovski as of February 2010.
Swarovski Flatback Rhinestone Size Chart
| SS (Stone Size) |
|
Actual Size |
| 5ss |
- |
1.8 mm |
| 6ss |
- |
2.0 mm |
| 7ss |
- |
2.2 mm |
| 8ss |
- |
2.3 mm |
| 9ss |
- |
2.6 mm |
| 10ss |
- |
2.8 mm |
| 12ss |
- |
3.0 mm |
| 16ss |
- |
4.0 mm |
| 20ss |
- |
4.7 mm |
| 30ss |
- |
6.4 mm |
| 34ss |
- |
7.1 mm |
| 40ss |
- |
8.6 mm |
| 42ss |
- |
9.1 mm |
| 48ss |
- |
11.0 mm |
Weights And Measures: U.S. & Metric Equivalents Guide
| U.S. LENGTH |
- |
METRIC EQUIVALENT |
| 1 inch (in) |
- |
2.54 cm (25.4mm) |
| 1 foot (ft) |
- |
30.48 cm (304.8mm) |
| 1 yard (yd) |
- |
.914 meter (m) |
| METRIC LENGTH |
- |
U.S EQUIVALENT |
| 1 mm (millimeters) |
- |
just over 1/32 of an inch |
| 2 mm |
- |
just over 1/16 of an inch |
| 3 mm |
- |
1/8 of an inch |
| 4 mm |
- |
5/32 of an inch |
| 5 mm |
- |
3/16 of an inch |
| 6 mm |
- |
1/4 of an inch |
| 7 mm |
- |
9/32 of an inch |
| 8 mm |
- |
5/16 of an inch |
| 9 mm |
- |
11/32 of an inch |
| 1 centimeter or 10 mm |
- |
3/8 of an inch |
| 1 meter (m) |
- |
39.37 in |
| WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS |
|
1 ounce (oz) |
= |
.0625 lb |
= |
28.349 gram (gm) |
|
|
1 gram (gm) |
= |
.001 kg |
= |
0.035 oz |
|
Wire Gauge Guide
| GAUGE |
DIAMETER (IN) |
DIAMETER (MM) |
COMMON USES |
| 10 gauge |
0.1019 in. |
2.588mm |
Very thick wire. Often used by silver smiths using forging or welding techniques. Good for chokers, stiff bracelets, rings. |
| 12 gauge |
0.0808 in. |
2.052mm |
Still very thick wire, still hard to bend intricately by hand. Good for chokers, stiff bracelets, even wire-sculpted rings. |
| 14 gauge |
0.0641 in. |
1.628mm |
Heavier Wire. Good for chokers, stiff bracelets, even wire-sculpted rings. |
| 16 gauge |
0.0508 in. |
1.290 mm |
Heavy Wire. Commonly used for chokers, heavy-duty clasps |
| 18 gauge |
0.0403 in. |
1.024mm |
Med-Heavy Wire. Good for making clasps, chokers, wire sculptures. |
| 20 Gauge |
0.0320 in. |
0.8128mm |
Medium wire. Size most often recommended for creating wire-jewelry using wire jigs and other wire sculpturing techniques. Good for making heavy-duty earwires and lightweight clasps because it’s still pretty easy to work with but strong as well. Dead soft is best, as thicker wire starts getting harder to bend. About 19 feet of 20 gauge wire to the ounce. |
| 22 Gauge |
0.0253 in. |
0.6426mm |
Medium-Fine Wire. Very versatile size because it is pretty thick but most beads (like crystals and stone beads) can fit on it. Dead soft is a good way to go with this wire. Good for making earwires, headpins, and rosary style wrapped links. One ounce of 22 gauge has about 31 feet of wire. |
| 24 Gauge |
0.0201 in. |
0.5105mm |
Fine wire. Good for beads that have small holes in them such as pearls. Half-hard is good in this size as it adds a little bit of body and strength to a slender wire. Good for making rosary-style beaded links. In an ounce of 24 gauge there is about 48 feet of wire. |
| 26 Gauge |
0.0159 in |
0.4039mm |
Very fine wire. Good for beads that have small holes in them such as pearls. Half-hard is good in this size as it adds a little bit of body and strength to a very slender wire. Good for making rosary-style beaded links. In an ounce of 26 gauge wire there is about 76 feet of wire. |
| 28 Gauge |
0.0126 in. |
*0.3200mm |
Extremely fine wire, not much wider than a human hair. Mostly used for wire crocheting and wire knitting. Hard to handle, tendency to get tangled. |
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